Do you think Candy’s opinion of Curley’s wife is fair Essay

â€Å"Do you think Candy’s opinion of Curley’s wife is fair or does Steinbeck show us a character that has had so many disappointments in her life and is lonely that we can understand why she acts as she does? I myself don’t think that candy’s opinion of curley’s wife is fair,this is because all the people on the ranch have made up there minds that she is a tart because of the way she dresses and the way she tries to flirt with them,but she doen’t mean to put the impression to the ranch workers that she is a tart but looks can be deceiving. She dresses and looks this way because she has always dreamed of being in the movie business,living in Salinas at only at the age of 15 she wrote to a man in the movie business but had no reply,Her dreams of staring in her own movie were smashed into a million pieces.Now when she is older and wiser she still has no ambitions. Then she married Curly.Now married to Curly she is always lonely,this is because she is away from her family and friends,shes ignored by Curly (when he is around!) because he is always in town or in whore houses,on the ranch there is nothing for her to do except sit around doing nothing.This is why she tries to make friends with the people on the ranch because she is lonely,but the ranch workers think she is trying to get them into trouble with curly,and because she hasn’t got over her trauma of being rejected by the movie business she wants to live out the fame and dream of being a movie star in front of the ranch workers.the ranch workers are too scared to have any business with her because if they do they know that curly would give them the beating of there lives. Later in the story lennie is the only person who she manages to have a proper conversation with,at first lennie tells curly’s wife that George told him to stay away from her because she will get him into trouble and that she is bad news,but she manages to make it slip Lennies mind by asking him questions about things he likes like soft things,furry things,rabbits,etc and he is easily led into them conversations because they are all his favourite things he mostly likes. When she asks him if he likes petting and touching soft things he got very excited,then she asked him if he wanted to touch her soft golden hair,he reply’s yes.When he is petting her soft locks of hair he starts to get more and more of a grip of her it,she tells him that is enough he blocks her voice out of his head and continues to have a firm grip,she tries to struggle away from him with no success,then when she screams Lennie got scared because he knew she would get him into trouble so with his bear like hands he covers her mouth but she still managed to shout for help so Lennie done the only thing he knew he would do to shut her up for good!,and breaks her neck like a twig.

Phoenix Rising Essay

The Young adult novel Phoenix Rising: or how to survive your life by Cynthia D. Grant is a candid sensitive story about the serious effects of seventeen-year-old Helen Castle’s death from cancer on her family. The story is told through the eyes of Jessie who has been traumatized by her older sister’s death. Jessie and the other members of her family begin a healing process, while Helen, whose world we see through Jessie comes to terms with a life that seems capricious and unjust to Jessie. She feels pain, anger, loneliness, confusion and withdrawal throughout the novel. The family is shattered. Its new dynamics are realistically revealed with the already strained relationship between Lucas, and the father that become explosive. Jessie reads on in the journal to learn Helen’s feelings as her cancer progresses, which ranges from morbid despair to soaring hope that is made more poignant to the readers reading along with her. The setting of the story is white, comfortably middle-class, California suburbia. The characters in Phoenix Rising are of average intelligence and are raised above being stereotypical characters by the pain, reflection, and eventual growth of Helen’s death forces upon them. They remain true to their backgrounds and natures throughout their trials and adjustments. It is the mark of Cynthia D. Grant’s talent that the reader never doubts they are reading this novel through believable teenage eyes. The central character of the novel is Jessie, and the one who is most dangerously affected by the older sister’s death. Jessie’s tendency is not only to idealize her sister making her feel worthless, and unattractive but she also feels that she has failed to reach Helen and talk to her about her illness making Jessie shut herself off from her father, mother, her friend Bambi, Helen’s boyfriend Bloomfield, and their next-door neighbor; little Sara Rose. Jessie not only stops eating toward the end of the novel, she also shuts herself off more ultimately refusing to leave her room. Jessie’s brother Lucas is the kind family philosopher. On the surface, however he plays a role of a rebellious youth whose love for loud rock music. He is an exceptionally good electric and acoustic guitarist and this puts him at odds with his father, whom he engages in arguments at the slightest opportunity. Jessie’s hard-working architect father seems fixated on his role as a family provider and Lucas as the antagonist. Jessie tells the reader â€Å"My father thinks he won’t cry as long as he keeps screaming. It is as if the father and the other members have been so traumatized by the Helen’s death that a kind of static role-playing is easier for them than facing their world and moving on with their lives. Jessie’s mother seems simply to have been bludgeoned into being a relatively passive person who can do little more than to keep up with the necessary household chores, to weep for her oldest daughter, Helen as well as the self destructive, Jessie and to drink several glasses of wine to dull her pain. Two more important characters round out the characters in this novel. One is Bloomfield, who is always called by his last name. He is Helen’s boyfriend and the other is Bambi. Bambi is both sister’s plump, loud mouthed, and mildly sex-crazed friend. Jessie reads further into the Helen’s journal and discovers Bloomfield is not the fair-weather friend she has criticized him as being. Similarly, she finds there is more to the tattooed, fake nailed Bambi than meets the eye. She is surprisingly admirable for her down-to-earth, her common sense ability to cut through the silliness that ordinarily surrounds her.

David's the Death of Socrates and Baxandall The period eye Essay

David's the Death of Socrates and Baxandall The period eye - Essay Example The essay "David's the Death of Socrates and Baxandall The period eye" discovers David's painting called The Death of Socrates and the article of Baxandall called The period eye. In the middle of a group there is a man emotionally telling something to them. His right arm is raised in an argumentative gesture. His left arm is leisurely reaching for a golden cup, held by a young man in red. What is happening in the picture? Is this man telling them about the death of Socrates, which makes them mourn so much? Or is it Socrates himself? Then why is he still alive? People acquainted with Socrates’ story understand that the scene takes place in a prison and that Socrates, sentenced to death, is to drink a cup of hemlock. The philosopher is sitting on the couch in the middle of the canvass surrounded by his friends and disciplines, all of them crying and grieving. Loyal to his ideas of the immortality of human soul, Socrates has decisively and calmly chosen death. He continues teachi ng his disciplines till his last breath. At the moment he is pronouncing his final words, reaching for a cup without looking at it, as if death is a casual and trivial event in his life. This interpretation can be done only by people, who have heard of Socrates story. However, there are still many questions to be answered. Why did the painter choose this plot for his work? What was his message? Why did he depict the scene in exactly this way? There is only one thing we may say for sure: the picture must have expressed.

A critical response to the Marketing Myopia article Assignment

A critical response to the Marketing Myopia article - Assignment Example According to Levitt, business can only succeed when the business management concentrates on satisfying customer’s needs as opposed to selling produce. Notably, customers are the backbone of any business if they do not buy the products the business can never grow (Levitt, 2004). Therefore, fulfilling the needs of customers translate to intense buying and selling products. Additionally, customers often feel comfortable to buying or engage in business with institutions that fulfill their business needs. Therefore, Theodore Levitt’s article â€Å"Marketing Myopia† is a platform that provides the management of businesses with understanding why and how to improve the productivity of businesses and the real needs of customers towards this growth. Levitt is advising the marketers to focus further on the market that shall modify products and companies instead of focusing on their own companies. Modifying products ensures that these products increase value thereby catering for the changing demands of customers and the business community. According to Levitt, first priority should be directed to the market, which is the customer. To emphasize on his new marketing myopia, Levitt uses numerous business institution (Levitt, 2004). For example, Levitt  focuses on the business productivity on Hollywood and in the same concern he possess a question â€Å"if Hollywood was into television rather than movies, wouldn’t it have profited more?† The ideals presented or posted by this question are actually true. Most of the Hollywood crowd usually concentrated in making movies than in money. In the real sense, there is much money in the television than in movie making. Through this question, Levitt is challenging business to check and if possible to change their strategies. Notably, if Hollywood could have thought of the television market, it would have made more money that what they currently make (Levitt, 2004). With Hollywood and Sony among other television channels, Levitt introduces new marketing idea termed as the marketing myopia theory. The myopia marketing theory concentrates on marketing strategies where companies are not only needed to be product oriented and technically sound, but the theory also needs companies to focus on the customers. Different companies deal on different customer products; therefore, different companies have different customer needs (Levitt, 2004). Thus, according to the myopia marketing theory, Levitt advocates for companies to identify these different customer needs so that they can be brought into effect towards marinating the customer interest. Adoption of marketing myopia theory may have numerous implications to organizations. From the projected effects of the myopia theory, the theory can be applied to both marketing and advertisement to determine whether a business is catering for the market adequately, or there are adjustments to be made (Levitt, 2004). The adjustments that may be proj ected by numerous businesses must; thus, aim at catering for large market since Levitt is more concern in businesses making more profit than they currently make. Moreover, the myopia theory needs businesses to identify effective advertising strategies. In this concern, according to the theory, identifying new markets is not the entire solution to the entire process, after the identifying the market, it is vital of management to work out ways to reach and have effects to this newly identified market (Levitt, 2004). It is only through effective marketing strategies that the identified markets can effectively deliver. However, it may be a problem for organizations to

2 page biography of Jeremy Bentham and his contribution to the study Essay

2 page biography of Jeremy Bentham and his contribution to the study of Ethics - Essay Example Bentham was a great activist who advocated political and economic freedom. He pioneered various political movements that lobbied for the abolition of slavery, legal use of the death penalty, and physical punishment. Political radical ideas advanced by Bentham lobbied for separation of church systems from the state, freedom of expression for all citizens, divorce rights, gender equity, and animal rights. However, Bentham opposed natural rights and law but favored individual legal rights for all citizens (Becker and Becker 137). Bentham mentored several students during his time as a teacher and researcher. Some of Bentham’s great students included James Mill, James Stuart Mill, James Austin, and Robert Owen. His students also developed into great theorists for instance; Robert Owen become the founder of Utopian socialism while John Austin remained as the famous legal philosopher. Bentham, who attended Westminster school at the tender age of 12 in 1760, existed as a child prodigy. He started studying Latin at the age of three and preferred reading England history books. Bentham, who was the brother to Samuel Bentham, completed his Bachelor’s degree at Queen’s college in 1763. Bentham obtained his master’s degree in 1766 at Queen’s college. He practiced law in college though he never represented persons in courts of law. He reportedly hated English legal code and named it ‘Demon of Chicane’. Bentham loved chemistry and spent most of his time conducting chemical experiments and speculating theories relating to legal abuses. His interest in chemistry angered his father who knew that he would develop into a renowned intelligent lord chancellor amongst English courts of law. Due to great interest in sciences, Jeremy Bentham pursued physical science studies and started research on suppositions that had a relationship with politics and law. Research on suppositions related to law and politics

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example It is well known that emerging technologies can bring in newer market opportunities, with improved data and information storing, sharing and communication. Among them, the emerging Informational technological concept of Cloud Computing brings in many benefits to the organizations, and thus has great potential for future applications. So, if this emerging technology is taken advantage of, it would benefit the companies by helping to address the business needs of the client, thereby encouraging its business growth through good profits and lowered costs. Both big organizations as well as smaller firms are adopting this technology to fulfill their own needs. So, this paper will look at the technology behind this concept and how it could impact the organizations, which utilizes it. Cloud computing is an Internet-based computer network with the main role for ‘outside’ or ‘virtual’ servers, without the need to establish and maintain in-house infrastructure. The data, softwares, applications, etc stored in those servers can be accessed by computer users from anywhere through a web browser by paying subscription charges, based on the ‘services on demand’ concept. â€Å"The storing and accessing of applications and computer data often through a Web browser rather than running installed software on your personal computer or office server†. (cloudcomputingdefined.com).The fundamental concept behind Cloud Computing got originated in 1960s, when the American computer and cognitive scientist John McCarthy opined that â€Å"computation may someday be organized as a public utility†. (Frangulyan). This rings true because the main characteristics of Cloud Computing is computing in a public or external environment. This ch aracteristic was further explored in comparison with the electricity industry by Douglas Parkhill in his book, "The Challenge of the Computer Utility", published in 1966. The Cloud

Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison - Case Study Example This essay would further provide instances from Ellison's life and would provide with the perspective and situation of the United States of America at those times. The book Invisible Man revolves around a black man born in America. It tells about the differences which were between the black and whites of America. The protagonist in the story portrays himself as an invisible man who is avoided and ignored by the society he is living in. The novel takes place in the 20th century which shows that it is placed in the very century that Ellison is living in. The Eastern United States in the mid 19th century was filled with racism and this impacted the whole theme of the book written by Ellison. Racism is a very important theme of the story which is maintained through out. White men are the respected members of the society in the novel, and so they were in the reality too. The college of blacks is run by the whites of the society and thus they should be respected in the novel. The novel came out when the world war II had ended and the world was recovering from the war. However the black society in the 1950s was still lagging behind and was being disc riminated. However actions were taken by the community to revive their rights in the society. Similar sort of actions were seen in the story written by Ellison. The discrimination prevailing amongst the black and whites in America impacted the book most. The fights and violence happening between these two races is also portrayed in the book. As in the first chapter the Battle Royal clearly shows how blacks were used by the Whites for their entertainment purposes. In the 1950s the blacks were treated as the inferior human beings on the face of this earth. It seemed that the white dominated society aimed at making these beings inferior in the society and put harm to them. They did not want the blacks to study or prosper in anyway. As seen in the story the narrator is expelled from his college only because of some harsh incidents which occur with a white trustee of the college. Furthermore in the 1950s the blacks of the United States were not united enough to stand to the white dominat ed society. There was segregation amongst the black individuals of the society which is the sole reason that the blacks could not prosper in the society. Again this was shown at several instances by Ellison in the novel as it is a person of black ethnicity only which expels the author from his college. Further the segregation amongst the groups between blacks is also seen in the novel which creates fights and riots among the black society only. The title of invisible man itself shows that the black individuals are not being seen by the society and seem invisible in a white dominated society. Blacks were not offered proper jobs in the 1950s because of their race and this is also shown in the novel by Ellison when the narrator is not able to get a proper job. The discrimination in the workplace in those times was so much that the blacks were not offered proper jobs even if they were educated. Like in the story the narrator is not offered a good job even when he is educated. The story further shows that the narrator has to settle down to work as a worker in the boiler room where even then he is discriminated by his employers and co-workers. The major theme of the

Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example Importance of efficient market hypothesis can be identified from empirical implications of it in many pieces of research and studies by empirical researchers. Literature on efficient market hypothesis before LeRoy (1973) and Lucas (1978) was evolved around the random walk hypothesis and magnitude model. These are statistical description of price changes that can be Lo and McKinley (1988) forecasted and initially taken to be implication efficient market hypothesis. The first test of random walk hypothesis was developed by Jones and Cowles (1973), and they compared frequency sequence and reversal in historical return of stocks. They identified same sign of former pairs of consecutive return and the opposite sign of latter pair of consecutive return. Osborne (1959), Fama (1963; 1965), Cootner (1962; 1964), Fama and Blume (1966) conducted tests of random walk hypothesis and supported previous studies of random walk hypothesis using historical stock return. Lo and McKinley (1988) reported that variance of two week stock return is double the variance of one week stock return. They conducted this test on US indexes from 1962 to 1985. French and Roll (1985) identified from their study that variance of stock return over weekends and holidays are much lower than variance of week days, especially first three weekdays of a week. Poterba and Summers (1988) and Fama and French (1988) found out negative correlation in US stocks indexes return from stock return data of 1962 to 1986 actually occurs.... In the process they use different forecasting techniques as well as some valuation methods. The combination of the techniques helps them in their decisions regarding investments. However, the hypothesis states that the techniques are not effective and no one has the capability to predict the outperformance of the market. If the investors enjoy any advantage, it is supposed not to exceed the incurred cost of transaction and research (Timmermann, & Granger, 2003, p.5). Literature review The origin of efficient market hypothesis can be traced back in the studies of two individuals in 1950s. One is Paul A. Samuelson and the other one is Eugene F. Fama. They identified the notion of market efficiency from two different research agendas. Samuelsson’s contribution in the invention of EMH was great, and the researcher summarized that in efficient market, changes in asset (stocks, bonds and other traded instruments) price can be forecasted if these are properly anticipated. This means price should fully incorporate all the information and expectation of all the market participants. In contrast to Samuelsson, Fama concentrated on statistical measures of stock price and resolving the debate regarding technical analysis and fundamental analysis of stock price. This researcher summarized that current price stocks fully reflect all information available to market participants. These two empirical research studies on this critical area of finance have helped many researchers thereafter to develop several econometric single or multifactor linear asset pricing models (Seweel, 2011, p.4). Random walk hypothesis Importance of efficient market hypothesis can be identified from empirical implications of it in many pieces of research and studies by empirical researchers.

U.S. Homeland Security and the Business, Government and Society Essay

U.S. Homeland Security and the Business, Government and Society - Essay Example Thus the phrase- â€Å"Homeland security†; this phrase may appear relatively new but was actually coined after a series of attacks against US and its nationals around the world during 1980s and 1990s. The U.S. military now defines homeland security as "the preparation for, prevention of, deterrence of preemption of, defense against, and response to threats and aggressions directed toward U.S. territory, sovereignty, domestic population and infrastructure; as well as crisis management, consequence management, and other domestic civil support." (1) The definition has two important constituents namely homeland defense and civil support. Homeland defense is seen as the "protection of U.S. territory, sovereignty, domestic population, and critical infrastructure against external threats and aggression," whereas while civil support is described as "support to U.S. civil authorities for domestic emergencies, and for designated law enforcement and other activities." (2) During the Clinton administration, homeland security was an important but passively discussed issue. By the time Clinton’s term ended, the notion of homeland security revolves around "national missile defense, counterterrorism, WMD preparedness, consequence management of WMD events and protection against cyber attacks." (3) The three main components of any counterterrorism strategy would thus form the basis for the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. These components were later clearly identified by President Bushs National Strategy for Homeland Security as "1) prevent terrorist attacks within the United States; 2) reduce Americas vulnerability to terrorism; and 3) minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur." (4) If Clinton administration had basically been passive about national security, then Bush administration did nothing concrete either in the first few months of entering

Kurt Vonnegut During World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kurt Vonnegut During World War II - Essay Example After the war, Vonnegut attended the University of Chicago as a graduate student in anthropology and also worked at the City News Bureau of Chicago. He described his work there in the late 1940s in terms that could have been used by almost any other City Press reporter of any era: "Well, the Chicago City News Bureau was a tripwire for all the newspapers in town when I was there, and there were five papers, I think. We were out all the time around the clock and every time we came across a really juicy murder or scandal or whatever, they’d send the big time reporters and photographers, otherwise, they’d run our stories. So that’s what I was doing, and I was going to university at the same time." Vonnegut admitted that he was a poor anthropology student, with one professor remarking that some of the students were going to be professional anthropologists and he was not one of them. According to Vonnegut in Bagombo Snuff Box, the university rejected his first thesis o n the necessity of accounting for the similarities between Cubist painters and the leaders of late 19th Century Native American uprisings, saying it was unprofessional. He left Chicago to work in Schenectady, New York, in public relations for General Electric, where his brother Bernard worked in the research department. Vonnegut was a technical writer but was also known for writing well past his typical hours while working. While in Schenectady, Vonnegut lived in the tiny hamlet of Alplaus, just across the Mohawk River from the city of Schenectady.

Understanding organizations and the role of HR Essay Example for Free

Understanding organizations and the role of HR Essay YTL Cement’s purpose in beginning this business is to supply quality cement to local construction companies for a competitive price especially in the eastern corridor of peninsular Malaysia. There were no cement plants in the eastern side of peninsular Malaysia. So, cost of purchasing cement was high due to logistics. Our plant in Pahang solved all issues as we could now provide cement with a much cheaper price. YTL Cement is currently the second largest cement producer in Malaysia. Our goal is to be the largest cement producer in Malaysia and also southeast Asia. From one cement plant, we have rapidly expanded to four plant now. The goal to be the largest cement producer in Malaysia might come to past earlier than expected. PRODUCTS SERVICES We have 5 brands of bagged product and 4 types of bulk product. The 5 brands in the bagged products are Castle, Orang Kuat, Wallcem, Marinecem and Dragon. Each bag weighs 50 kilogrammes. Each brand is different in terms of  uses, strength and suitability. Cement has many uses during the construction process such as brick making, brick laying, concreting, plastering and tiling. So, each brand has its own suitability. For instance, when it comes to tiling, the brands Castle and Dragon are the most suitable. We have 4 kinds of bulk products. They are MASCEM, SLAGCEM, OPC and CLAGCEM GGBS. Bulk products are usually dispatched in tankers. The weight of each tanker varies from 28 tonnes to 40 tonnes. We supply bulk cement to all parts of Malaysia via tankers and rail. CUSTOMERS CLIENTS YTL Cement has customers and clients both locally and internationally. The bagged products targets small contractors, hardware stores and individual purchasers. These target use cement for small scale renovations and other personal use. Bulk cement is usually bought by large contractors who are employed by the government or the private sector to build housing estates, buildings, bridges and more. The cement quantity needed in these projects is huge so purchases are made in bulks. 4 EXTERNAL FACTORS Economy The cement industry depends on the economy situation. If the economy is stable, then development and construction is on-going. The government and private organizations will initiate projects which include housing and other infrastructure project which requires cement. Hence, the demand for cement will increase. But if there is an economy downturn, it will have a bad impact on the construction industry. And when the construction industry is down, then the demand for cement will decrease which will directly affect the cement industry. Technology Technology plays a very important role in the process of making cement. Technology has grown and new machinery is constantly being introduced to maximize output and minimize the usage of power. The advances in technology, has also allowed cement plants to increase production on a daily basis. This directly contributes to the profit of the organization. One of the biggest issues in cement plants are the breakdowns. Metal fatigue and corrosion cause machinery to break down which effects production. Technology today allows machinery to run longer with minimal maintenance procedures. Legal Legal implications always surround heavy industries that effect the environment. New acts and new policies enforced by governments will affect the cement industry. A growing population with growing concerns about the environment will push the government to impose new laws which will directly or indirectly affect the cement industry. Environment The most important raw material to used to make cement is limestone. Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Limestone can be mined in two ways which are from hills which contain limestone and two, from limestone deposits deep underground. Aggressive mining can deplete the limestone and when that happens, we will not be able to produce cement. As most natural resources, limestone is not renewable hence making it a limited resource. Coal is used in cement plants to heat up the kiln. A kiln is something like an oven where raw materials are transformed at high temperatures. The temperature in a cement kiln can reach up to 1400 degree Celsius. So, huge amounts of coal are used everyday to heat up the kilns. Like limestone, coal is also a limited resource. The depletion of coal will impact the cement industry. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE YTL Cement has a top down organizational structure. It is a family owned business. As such, all decisions are made by the Executive Director which is Dato’ Sri Michael Yeoh who is a member of the Yeoh family. Authority is vested at the top and flows down through directors, managers and executives before finally reaching those who make the product. The four functions in this organization which are vital are operations, human resources, finance and purchasing. Operations The operations team are in charge of the day to day operations of the cement plant and all its machinery. Achieving daily production output is the end result of this team. Human Resources The human resources team are in charge of daily employee related activities such as recruitment, training and development, attendance, disciplinary and much more. Finance The finance team are in charge of financial aspects of the plant in the daily  matters such receiving payments, making payments, processing invoices and much more. Purchasing The purchasing team handles all purchases made by all the other departments in the plant. OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE All the functions in the organization work hand in hand to optimize performance. Operations Operations is the money maker in the organization. The wages, profit of the organization depends on the capability of operation in achieving its targets. The more money the organization makes, the better it is for the stakeholder and the employees. The extra funds can be used in various ways such as upgrading infrastructure and machinery, giving more incentives and benefits to employees, increased increments, better bonuses and much more. Upgrading infrastructure and machinery will directly increase performance. Increased performance leads to increased production which leads to increased profits. Providing better benefits, increments and bonuses, increases the employees’ morale and motivation. A motivated workforce raises productivity. This will directly lead to optimizing the performance of the department which will then optimize the performance of the organization. Human Resources Human resources work together with the rest of the departments in the organization in many ways. Recruitment of employees based on the forecast, manpower planning and attrition is an ongoing process. Selecting the right candidate at the right time is vital to insure that performance is not affected. A pool of suitable candidates for key positions must always be available incase of unforeseen emergency. Retention of employees is also important. Each employee carries knowledge, skill and experience of the designated role he or she works in. Losing an employee can affect performance of a department. Resources such as time, energy and money need to be used to re-train a new employee. As such, human resources must always be aware of the current market salary, current compensation and benefits packages, training and development requirements as to keep turnover as low as possible. Finance The finance department’s activities range from bookkeeping to providing information to managers and directors in making strategic decisions.   Finance department is responsible for all the day to day transactional accounting for the organization. This includes tracking of all financial transactions that happens in the organization. The finance department is also responsible for the organization’s cash flow to ensure that funds are available to meet the day to day payments. This is important as to make sure that operations run smoothly without any problems. The finance department also contributes to the management and improvement of the operations by reporting regularly on key numbers important to the success of the organization. They also work with managers and head of departments to prepare budgets and forecasts. This information can be used to plan machinery purchases and expansions and cash needs before they become necessary. All this contribute to optimising the p erformance of the organization. Purchasing The role of the purchasing department is to procure all necessary materials needed for production or daily operation of the organization. For YTL Cement, a heavy industry company, this will include raw materials such as iron, silica, gypsum, coal or sand which will be used in producing cement. Other items procured, which are as equally important such as machinery parts, electrical parts are vital in sustaining operations of the plant. The purchasing department also needs to evaluate the prices of materials procured to maximize profitability. A purchasing department in a small business needs to locate the best vendors’ at the most reasonable prices. Purchasing department staff needs to communicate with many vendors to negotiate a better price for any material which will be ordered. CULTURE AND ITS IMPACTS The culture in YTL Cement is more of a Power Culture. All decisions are made by the Executive Director and the Director of Operations. Due to this culture, all decisions are pushed upwards from below. The impact of this culture is employees are not empowered to make decisions about their job. They will always look for higher authority to make even a simple decision. And when employees do not take decision, they do not take responsibility. And when employees do not take responsibility, they do not feel proud of their organization. This also affects the loyalty of the employee which leads to a high turnover. 3 HR ACTIVITIES THAT SUPPORT THE ORGANIZATION’S STRATEGY Strategic HR Planning Strategic HR planning is links HR management directly to the strategic plan of the organization. Organizations nowadays have a strategic plan that guides them in successfully achieving their vision and mission. Based on this strategic plan, the organization can develop a strategic HR plan that will allow HR to make decisions now to support the future direction of the organization. Strategic HR planning also helps to: Ensure sufficient workforce to meet the strategic goals and operational plans of your organization Keep abreast with economic changes, technological changes, social changes and legal changes that impact HR and the cement industry Talent Management A talented workforce is essential to achieve our vision and mission. Aligning individual goals with the organizations strategy is a proven recipe for success. Goal alignment is a powerful management tool. When the organization engages employees in their work through goal alignment, a greater employee ownership in your companys ultimate success is created. Thus, the employees become more committed to your company and achieve higher levels of job performance. Compensation Benefits A good compensation and benefits package will always attract competent employees. Employing competent workers leads to better results and leads to higher productivity. A compensation and benefits plan that rewards employees for company loyalty is also vital in retaining talented employees. When this appreciation is shown to senior employees, new employees realize that the organization values employees who choose to work with the organization for the long-term. This encourages new employees to decide build a career with the organization hence retaining competent employees. 3 WAYS HR SUPPORT THE LINE MANAGERS AND STAFF Training and Development Based on the Training Needs Analysis (TNA), HR can then select the relevant  training courses and trainers to train the employees. Whether its technical training or management training, choosing the right kind of training with the right modules and trainer is vital. This to make sure that the training is relevant and effective. Training improves employee job performance. This helps reduce job performance disputes and contributes to the department achieving its KPI. Coaching Coaching can improve employee performance, increase employee engagement and reduce turnover. During coaching, the key issue will be on the employee’s performance in the workplace which includes assessment, appraisals and discussing the employee’s strength and weaknesses. Employees feel more engaged when they can discuss their achievement and plan for the future. Engaged employee will work harder, contribute more and are less likely to leave the organization. Recruitment Selection Recruitment includes screening potential candidates using tests and interviews and then selecting the right candidate. This procedure is important the candidate has to be balanced in terms of technical knowledge and also has good character and management skills. This will help department when the right person is selected and the candidate is able to fulfil their new roles effectively. Choosing the wrong candidate can lead to de-motivating and de-moralising current employees, workplace disputes, poor performance by the department and much more.

Impact Of Theories Relating To Risk Social Work Essay

Impact Of Theories Relating To Risk Social Work Essay To what extent do theories relating to risk inform our understanding of an aspect or aspects of contemporary social work? I am going to briefly discuss the meanings of risk. Whilst I am aware that there are many theories of risk, I have identified three main themes and will be exploring these in relation to contemporary social work, the themes of governmentality, cultural theory and risk society. Present day social work is concerned with matters of vulnerability and risk (Kemshall et al, 1997), (Dalrymple and Burke, 2006), (Parton, 1996), (Titterton, 2005), (Hothersall and Mass-Lowit, 2010). Media coverage of serious case reviews regarding the deaths of children have led to an onslaught of criticism into social work practice. In looking for definitions to define risk, I found several meanings. Traditionally risk was defined neutrally as a chance or likelihood a behaviour or event will occur (Lishman, 2002: 154), (Munro, 2002:64), for example the possibility of a gain as well as a loss. Kemshall (2002) discusses the uses of risk to insurance and a mathematical probability approach to risk. In postmodern society, risk is now attributed to the terms of danger or hazard (Lupton, 1999 a: 12). The concept of Governmentality was developed by the French philosopher Michel Foucault in the later years of his life between the late 1970s and his death in 1984. His concept provides an understanding of power, not just in terms of the power of the state from a top-down approach, but in the more subtle forms of power exercised through a network of institutions, practices, procedures and techniques which act to regulate social conduct (Joseph 2010:225). Power is noticeable in a positive way through the production of knowledge and discourses that are internalised by individuals, guiding the behaviour of populations and leading to more efficient forms of social control. Parton (1994) cited in Pease (2002) writes how individuals permit government at a distance through being encouraged and supported to exercise freedom and choice. Because power is de-centred individuals play a role in their own self-governance. Criticisms of Foucault argue that he fails to recognise that power is not equal to all. It can also be argued that he lacks reference to the exercise of power in relation to race, age, gender and class, especially how accessible power is between different social groups. Cooper (1994: 450) argues about the character of the technologies of power regarding racist and gendered discourses being used. It was argued that Foucault was not attentive to how people respond to discourses in their daily lives (Lupton: 1999 b: 102). Critics also believed that Foucault lacked awareness in the power institutions had over individuals and that individuals behaviour in society was down to following rules of conventions (Hoy: 1986:151). Feminist critics such as Hartstock (1990:171-172) believe Foucaults understanding of power diminishes individuals to objects of power than individuals able to resist. Foucaults work on defining the relations and mechanisms of power like governmentality can support social workers to think about their position of power within the structures (that maintain the oppression of service users) in their work. Empowerment uses social science to solve social problems and is a social justice discourse in social work. It allows social workers to redistribute power and knowledge in their practice, whilst challenging and combating injustice and oppression. Empowerment develops capacities of individuals, whilst emphasising individual responsibility. Pease (2002:137) argues that there is an assumption that power is something that can be given and empowering someone is to confer. Therefore as Braye and Preston-Shoot (2003:100) discuss, empowerment is about oppressed people taking the power and demanding to be heard. Because knowledge is central to understanding power within society, in order to empower service users there must be a reallocation of knowledge, an ins urrection of subjugated knowledge as indicated by Foucault (1977). Listening to service users and allowing them to have more control over seeking solutions to their problems or identifying their needs within the wider social context, is another example of empowerment. We belong to many social groups, some by choice and some because they are forced upon us. Within these groups, some have more or less power over others. Social workers need to be aware of difference and diversity and develop a greater sense of self awareness about the risks of labelling, stereotyping and holding subjective beliefs. The term Risk Society describes a society that is exposed to harm as a result of human activity. German sociologist Ulrich Beck (1992) first used the term, although British sociologist Anthony Giddens has also written on the same subject matter. Both authors argue humans have always been subjected to risk, e.g. natural disasters but these are seen as being caused by non-human forces. Modern society is now exposed to risks such as terrorism, chemical pollution and nuclear power. Giddens (1999) defines these as external and manufactured risks, external being risks arising from nature (e.g. flooding) and manufactured risks being the result of human activity, e.g. developments in science and technology. As humans are responsible for manufactured risks, both Beck and Giddens argue that societies can assess the level of risk being produced in a reflexive way that can alter the planned activity itself. People are now more wary of what professionals tell us, which is different to the view of the older generation. We are more critical of professionals and more likely to question them They believe there is an increase in reflexivity (the idea that society can adapt to new risks) as a response to risk and uncertainty in postmodern soci ety, but Beck (1992:21) relates this to more risks and hazards being produced, where Giddens (1999:3) believes in human subjectivity being more sensitive to risk. Criticisms of risk society question the level of risk in postmodern society. Turner (1994: 180) questions whether life has become more risky in the present day, than how it affected individuals in the past. Ungar, cited in Goode and Ben-Yehuda (2009: 82) argues that the threats of today infuse fear as well as, not instead of the past fears. Culture, race and gender do not feature in both Beck and Giddens writings and it could be argued that it would be difficult for an individual to be reflexive regarding conflicts of this nature. Joffe (1999) argues that there had been a failure to recognise emotion in respect to how people cope with living in a risk society. Delanty (1999:171) draws from the criticisms by Lash, arguing that Beck and Giddens do not recognise the cultural dimension of reflexivity, due to disregarding collective agency such as the community in favour of individualism. Social work has changed from a concern with need to one of risk (Kemshall, 2002). The media perception of social workers failing in their duty to prevent the deaths of children or protect the public from individuals known to be mentally ill, has led to more bureaucratic solutions, through legislation, procedures and guidelines (Ferguson, 2004). Blame is allocated due to the emphasis in risk (Douglas, 1992). The regulation of risk replaces need as a focal point and reasoning for social work intervention. Lishman (2007: 164) writes how working with risk will always remain a risky business, but with the assistance of sound methods and defensible decision-making it can be well managed. Titterton (2005:50) argues there is no such thing as a risk free option: all options hold potential risks. Lishman explains further that in the climate of the blame culture, risk assessments need to be of a standard that contain defensible decisions that can hold up in cases where there has been a risk failure (2007:157). There is the danger that in using risk assessments to check availability for a service, there is the potential for the social worker to be distanced from the service user. Involving the service user to do their own risk assessments and explain what they believe are the risks is a form of empowerment, which places them at the centre of the process. Clutton et al (2006: 18) links the involvement of the service user to empowerment, Risk assessment may be empowering if it allows the service user to take an informed decision on future action. Social workers have to be able to asses the predicted outcomes of a potential risk to a service user but this is not always easy. Differing interpretations of a situation due to the cultural and social background of people and groups can make understanding risk and risk management difficult in decision making (Reed et al, 2004:149). Service users have started to make choices in how they interact with social services e.g. self-referral. In order to make plans about their lives, social workers need to interact with families in new ways that recognise their disadvantage and oppression in society. It could be asked if service users really have choice or do they have options within choice? Harris and White (2009:100) consider choice to be a key element of the governments modernisation agenda and are established in services such as direct payments and choice of hospital. Labelling of service users in assessments as disturbed, at risk, in need, describes behaviour from a value perspective (Dalrymple and Burke, 2006). Slovic (1999) writes how risk assessments are coloured by subjective judgements of the social worker at every stage of the assessment process. Hall et al (2006:23) argues however that categorisation of service users in reports, meetings and in the court is an expectation of social workers as a practical and professional duty to provide assessments and provide a course of action or services. The notion of Culture Theory developed by Mary Douglas (1966, 1798) and Douglas and Wildavsky (1982) has been influential in looking at perspectives on risk. Cultural theory aims to explain how personality and cultural traits influence risk perceptions and why different people and social groups fear different risks. Douglas argues the relation of risk to politics and its link to accountability responsibility and blame (Lupton, 1999:39). Douglas and Wildavsky (1982) introduced the grid/group concept to explain how cultural proportions can compare society. It defines how people can be divided into four types that predict how they react to different types of hazards- Individualist, Egalitarian, Hierarchists and Fatalist. Thompson et al (1990:5) explain group as referring to how much the individual is integrated into enclosed units and grid to how much a persons life is restricted as a cause of exterior compulsory instructions. Douglass theory is not without criticism. Lupton (1999:7) questions the medias contributory role to the risk knowledge of their audience. It can be argued that you cannot foresee how anyone will behave in response to a particular circumstance and that cultural theory is opaque, not taking into account the complexities of modern society (Rayner, 1992, Boholm, 1996). Tansey and O Riordan (1999) argue the theory is deterministic and takes no account of the free will of individuals. Ostrander (1992) makes a prominent argument, suggesting that cultural theory should apply to social environments in order to distinguish social systems as a whole. It could also be argued that as Douglas does not explain how risk perceptions regarding to individuals and organisations change over time, her theory could be seen as static (Bellaby (1990). Gross and Rayner (1985:18) argue that Douglas fails to explain, what economic inducements or deprivations dispose persons to change their social position. Accountability means being answerable to others for the quality and efficiency of ones efforts. Social workers are accountable to service users, the community, their department and their supervisors. They must be able to explain what it is they do, how it is done and that their work meets professional standards for competence. Mishra (1984), cited in Wilson et al, (2008:39) writes how there is a reduction in professional autonomy and control due to accountability and structural demands being placed on agencies. Social workers, through fear of miscalculating a situation can undertake cautious and defensive practice which falls short of considering the implications, risks and benefits to the service user of the decisions made and measures taken. Bamford (1990) writes how social workers must develop a system of accountability which does not lose sight of the needs of the clients and their support systems. O Hanlon, cited in Parton and O Byrne (2000: 88), separates blame from accountability in that accountability features responsibility, is empowering and promotes self agency. Blame does not invite co-operation, is alienating and closes down possibilities. An example of the links between risk and blame is the case of baby Peter, who was killed by his mothers partner and was the subject of a multiple amount of media attention, proportioning blame on the social workers in his care. The description of harm and danger portrayed by the media, the government and organisational responses to complaints and legal action, resulting in a blame culture is a consequence of risk aversion employed by some social workers (Furedi, 2002). This could leave social workers feeling the need to protect themselves and hesitant, leading to passing the blame onto other people. Webb, (2006:70) links blame culture to risk avoidance being the main priority, resulting in tighter measures of accountability and trans parency being involved. Kemshall (2002: 94) suggests blame serves to strengthen accountability, but also subtly to control information flow and usage and to reinforce loyalty and solidarity with particular viewpoints on risk. Responsibility of the social worker is linked to accountability. These are sustained in codes of practice, the law and daily verbal exchanges. Hall et al (2006: 16) describes how professionals are mindful of their interactions, should their speech causes their conduct to be accountable. Parton and OByrne (2000: 183) discuss the ethics of responsibility in which service users are able to talk freely about themselves, their situation and the best way to solve their problems. Social workers are supporting service users to take responsibility for their own actions, which replaces concepts of cause and determination Howe (1986), cited in Parton (1996:88). The responsibility of the social worker is to the well-being of service users, but there are times when they work in situations that are conflicting. Dominelli (2009:11) offers one explanation of this in a care-control dilemma, when there is a need to balance the determination of the service user with harm. The social workers responsibil ity to the wider society and adherence to the law mean that at times the well-being of the service users may not take priority. In conclusion we have considered the impact of risk in the field of social work. In doing so we have identified three main theories, that of Govermentality, Risk Society and Culture Theory. We have analysed the impact of social work on these theories. Govermentality Theory helps us to understand power and the production of knowledge that enables individuals to govern themselves. Empowerment, as discussed previously enables service users to gain control over decisions that affect their lives. Risk Society Theory helps us to understand how communities are organised in its response to risk. This has been discussed in relation to social work in the media and the bureaucratic defensive practices that have developed as a result of extensive coverage of high profile service failings. Culture Theory seeks to explain how the social context in which we operate affects our responses to risk. As considered earlier, accountability is a means for social workers to explain their actions and the rea soning behind them, blame culture leads to social workers feeling apprehensive and self-preserving of their role. The social worker also has responsibility to the service users, but also to the wider society. Word count 2563

Creating a School Computer Lab

Creating a School Computer Lab 2.1 Introduction Schools play a substantial role in the development of the growing youth. One way of doing so is the use of computer to boost learning as we are in the technological era. In Bangladesh, given its status as a developing country, there is a greater need to equip many schools with computer laboratories for children to have access in order to enhance learning. Bangladesh Computer Lab Co, a nationally owned company specializing in installing computers for schools in the country has been engaged to build a computer lab for Dhaka Primary School in the capital city of Bangladesh under the project titled; Dhaka Primary School Computer Lab Build Project. This project is an initiative of the Government of Bangladesh through the Ministry of Education. All the planning is done by Jasmin Nahar and Janee Jamaludeen who are the project managers of Bangladesh Computer Lab Co. The main stakeholders to this project are; The Bangladesh Ministry of Education and the Dhaka Primary School Board of Governors working closely with the company to see this project through. The project is fully sponsored by the Government of Bangladesh valued at AUD 167,500.00 with a duration of 3 months. Generally, this project is responding to Dhaka Primary Schools need for a computer lab to deliver its computer classes to enhance quality in education for its students. 2.2 Project Scope Statement Definition 2.2.1 Project Scope Description This project is guided by its project management plan that captures its project charter meeting all requirements after a close consultation with its stakeholders and very much in line with the existing organizational process assets. The table below further provides information as part of the project scope statement. Â   Â   2.2.2 Project Deliverables Finalized Project Documentation All project planning documents such as the scope management plan, project charter, requirements documentation and organizational project asserts are finalized. Finalized Lab Design The designing of the computer lab is finalized and approved for implementation. Installation of 50 desktop computers 50 x desktop computers are installed at 25 per lab. 2.2.3 Project Exclusion Lab Maintenance The maintenance of the lab to meet minimum computer lab standards is the responsibility of the administration of the school and its Board of Governors. Commissioning of the Computer Lab The commissioning of the computer lab is the responsibility of the schools Board of Governors. Development of the Computer Lab and Computer Usage Policy The development of the computer lab and computer usage policy is the responsibility of the schools administration. 2.2.4 Project Assumptions Electrical Capacity It is assumed that the buildings provided by the school will meet the electrical capacity including the cooling system required for all the computers. Security and Accessories It is assumed that all security measures including fire protection are provided by the school and its Board of Governors. 2.2.5 Project Constraints Limited Time Frame The project must be completed within 3 months with no provision for extension. Compliance Issues regarding Procurement Process The project must comply with the governments procurement process. Project Objectives LFM and KPI Project Title: Dhaka Primary School Computer Lab Build Goal: Dhaka Primary School has got a school computer lab that is of high quality that can promote learning. Purpose: Respond to the call of building Dhaka Primary School Computer Lab to promote quality education. Objective: To fully install 50 desktop computers in Dhaka Primary School. Input Responsible Output Performance Indicators Means of Verification Project Management (Planning, Implementation Closure) Project Manager Finalized Project Planning Documents -Existence of Project Management Plan, Project Charter, Requirements Documentations and Process Assets. -Project Completion Reports -Monitoring Evaluation Reports Computer Lab Designing Project Manager Finalized Computer Lab Design -Existence of a computer lab design. -Approved Lab Design Project Communication Project Manager Established Communication Managed Plan -Existence of a project communication management plan. -Complete Project Communication Plan Lab Commissioning Stakeholders (Dhaka Primary School Board of Governors and the Ministry of Education Commissioned labs with certification -Existence of a Computer Lab Minimum Standards Report. -Certification Report -Project Commissioning Report Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE PROJECT: DHAKA PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPUTER LAB BUILD DURATION: 3 MONTHS Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 WBS TASK ASSIGN TO WK1 WK2 WK3 WK4 WK1 WK2 WK3 WK4 WK1 WK2 WK3 WK4 1 Finalize Project Documents 1.1 Strategic Management Planning Project Director 1.2 Completion of Project Management Plan Project Manager 1.3 Completion of Project Charter Project Manager 1.4 Completion of Requirement Documentations Project Manager 1.5 Completion of Process Assets Project Manager 1.6 Approval of Project Planning Steering Committee 2 Finalize Lab Design 2.1 Designing the lab plan Project Team 2.2 Approval of the Lab Plan Project Manager 3 Installation of 50 desktop computers 3.1 Procurement Project Team 3.2 Licencing of all software Project Team 3.3 Lab minimum standards survey Project Team 3.4 Installation Project Team 3.5 Testing Project Team 3.6 Project Closure Report Project Director WBS Dictionary WBS TASK Date START END 1 Finalize Project Documents 1.1 Strategic Management Planning 01.04.17 16.04.17 1.2 Completion of Project Management Plan 01.04.17 16.04.17 1.3 Completion of Project Charter 01.04.17 16.04.17 1.4 Completion of Requirement Documentations 01.04.17 16.04.17 1.5 Completion of Process Assets 01.04.17 16.04.17 1.6 Approval of Project Planning 10.04.17 16.04.17 2 Finalize Lab Design 2.1 Designing the lab plan 17.04.17 24.04.17 2.2 Approval of the Lab Plan 24.04.17 30.04.17 3 Installation of 50 desktop computers 3.1 Procurement 01.05.17 21.05.17 3.2 Licencing of all software 22.05.17 28.05.17 3.3 Lab minimum standards survey 22.05.17 28.05.17 3.4 Installation 29.05.17 11.06.17 3.5 Testing 19.06.17 25.06.17 3.6 Project Closure Report 26.06.17 30.06.17 Linear Responsibility Chart (LRC) Activity Project Sponsor Project Director Project Manager Project Team Steering Committee Strategic Management Planning S R C I A Completion of Project Management Plan I A R I S Completion of Project Charter I A R S I Completion of Requirement Documentations I A R S I Completion of Process Assets I A R S I Approval of Project Planning I R C S A Designing the lab plan I A R S I Approval of the Lab Plan I R C S A Procurement C A R S I Licencing of all software I C A S I Lab minimum standards survey I C A S I Installation I A C R I Testing I A R S I Project Closure Report A R C S C R Means that the person (or role) is responsible for creating the deliverable. (Usually there is only one person who is responsible for creating a deliverable, although many people may provide input.) A -Means that the person (or role) approves the deliverable. S Means that the person (or role) provides support toward the matters pertaining to the deliverable. I Means that the person (or role) who is kept informed on the deliverable. C Means that the person (or role) is consulted on matters pertaining to the deliverable. Budget Summary Activity Description Costing (AUD) Administrative General Admin Overhead Costs including labour etc. $ 70,000.00 Project Planning, Implementation Closure Strategic Management Planning. Completion of Project Management Plan Completion of Project Charter Completion of Requirement Documentations Completion of Process Assets Approval of Project Planning -Stakeholder/Consultative Meetings -Designing of lab plan -Approval of lab plan -Lab minimum standards survey -Installation -Testing -Monitoring Reporting -Project Closure Reports/Consultations/Meetings $ 90,000.00 Procurement Purchasing of 50 desktop computers Accessories -Purchasing of Software Licences Miscellaneous $ 7,500.00 Total $167,500.00 Communication Plan Role Reporting Purpose When to Report Stakeholders Ministry of Education -Reporting to the Government of Bangladesh the start, implementation and closure of the project. After the start and end date of the project. Board of Governors -Reporting to Parents of the progress of the project. Monthly Parental Meetings Steering Committee -Management of the Project in consultation with the Project Director. Monthly -Report to the stakeholders status of the project. Monthly Scheduled Meetings Project Director Reporting to the Steering Committee on the Progress of the project. Monthly Scheduled Meetings Project Manager Report to the project director the operational status of the project. Bi-weekly Scheduled Meetings and informal meetings on regular basis. Project Team Reporting on the project implementation progress to the Project Manager On Daily weekly basis and informal daily meetings on regular basis when need arises. Risk Planning The project sees the following as immediate risks to the project and has identified mitigating factors to address these risks. No Project Immediate Risks Mitigating Factors 1 Time Limitations Identify at early stages the critical pathway of the project, and focus on meeting deadlines. 2 Government Procurement Compliance Process Maintain effective dialogue with stakeholders in the initial stages of the project and define the best approach to getting procurement issues solved. 3 Building not meeting minimum lab standards Conduct lab survey in the initial stages of the project to identify areas of need, negotiate with the Board of Governors and resolve issues before installation is conducted. Project Milestone Currently the project sees the following as milestones that need to be achieved; No Project Milestone Achievement Date 1 Project Planning Approval 16th of April, 2017 2 Computer Installation and Testing 25th of June, 2017 3 Project Closer Report 30th of June, 2017 Procurement Plan Below is a summary of the project procurement plan and fully guided the companys procurement policy. Date of Completion Activity/Item 16th of April, 2017 Development of the project procurement plan 16th of April, 2017 Approval of the procurement plan 16th of April, 2017 Identifying all expandable and non-expandable items for purchase 16th of April, 2017 Create Assert Registry 14th of May, 2017 Vendor Identification 14th of May, 2017 Preparation and Approval of Purchase Requests 14th of May, 2017 Preparation and Approval of Check Requisitions 18th of May, 2017 Payment of Items and Materials (All expendable and non-expandable items including 50 x desktop computers and their accessories and software licences 21st of May, 2017 Confirming delivery against delivery notes 21st of May, 2017 Register all items 30th of June, 2017 Prepare registry for project closure

Heart Imagery in Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Heart Imagery in Great Expectations The heart is a symbolic barometer in Great Expectations that carries us from chapter to pulsating chapter. The novel's characters are forever wearing their hearts on their sleeves and in the process end up baring their souls within the text itself, and without, to the reader. What is the significance of hearts and their many states as described when Pip unfolds his own dramatic rags-to-riches-to-grace tale? Several scenes probe Miss Havisham's psyche with words about the condition of her heart. By analyzing them, we may be able to guess to what purpose Charles Dickens employs the heart imagery so frequently and so effectively. Â   For all the allusions which connect Miss Havisham to death-upon seeing her at the dressing table, Pip is immediately reminded of "some ghastly waxwork" and "a skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress," (93) -she is far from dead. Keeping her alive is the promise of youth: Estella and Pip. The promise the children give Miss Havisham, however, is not wholesome or optimistic, and neither is her communication with them. The first thing Miss Havisham reveals to Pip is that she suffers from a broken heart, "[uttering] the word...with strong emphasis, and with a weird smile that had a kind of boast," (94). This seems an odd confession for an adult to heave upon a child. Private miseries are kept quiet in order to spare children from the harsh reality of adult life. Â   But Miss Havisham is not worried about sparing anyone. Because she holds the family fortune, no one will insist that she snap out of her reverie of grief. Her intention is that Estella will learn to break men's hearts as recompense for Miss Havisham's having been broken. She admits to "sick fancies," and her demeanor so troubles Pip that he remarks, "Her contempt for me was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it" (95). Yet Pip is ready to forgive Miss Havisham for reducing him to self-hatred, even on that very first day: He tells us that as she watches the card game, Miss Havisham had "the appearance of having dropped... under the weight of a crushing blow" (96). Her posture softens him and he returns to Satis House over and over, even as he knows he is "under" the house's "influence" and it makes him "continue at heart to hate [his] trade" (158).

Leaders of the Nation of Islam Essay -- Black Muslim Malcolm X Elijah

Leaders of Nations The Nation of Islam impacted many African American people during its time. This Black Muslim nation demanded adherence to basic teachings, which included racial separation, white devilry, and the coming Armageddon. None of these basic teachings supported James Baldwin’s perceptions, which pitied whites for their inability to see through the color curtain and embrace differences that whites and blacks held together to create a better, inexorable, and supreme nation. Leaders such as Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X provided the vision of the Nation of Islam. These moguls proved to be two of the most powerful leaders of their time. They paved their way through history and rightfully landed a spot belonging to the Islam nation. Even after death, Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X still influence people in communities around the world to look beyond themselves and conquer a solution to the problems that societies still face. However there were some that did not concur with the Nation of Islam, and one of these people was James Baldwin. Although Baldwin, like a lost child, is not confident as to where or to whom he belongs to in life, Baldwin is certain that a black nation separated from all other races will only separate blacks from the future of a better nation and keep them from further developing as a community. Born in Georgia on October 7, 1897, the first leader of the Nation of Islam was a man named Elijah Muhammad. He has often been portrayed as a saint by his peers, but during World War II, Elijah Muhammad expressed support for Japan, on the basis of its being a nonwhite country, and was jailed for sedition. On August 24, 1946 Muhammad was released from prison in Milan, Michigan. Accord... ...We Need Not Look for Another. Phoenix, Arizona: Truth Publications, 1971. Harris, Robert L. "Malcolm and the Cross." Rev. of Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity, by Louis A DeCaro Jr. New York University Press 1998. Hoffer, Eric. "The Negro Is Prejudiced Against Himself; The Negro Is Against Himself." New York Times 29 Nov. 1964, sec. M: 27-35. Kihss, Peter. â€Å"In Return for Years of Slavery, Four or Five States.† New York Times 23 Apr 1961: 1. Kihss, Peter. â€Å"Negro Extremist Groups Step Up Nationalist Drive.† New York Times 1 March 1961: 2. "Man of Myth and Fact: Elijah Muhammad." New York Times 29 June 1964: 32. Trinklein, Rhaya. The Official Website of Malcolm X. 24 Nov. 2003. CMG Worldwide. .

Polar Bears :: essays research papers

Habitat Polar bears prefer to live in extremely cold artic climates. They live only in the Northern Hemisphere, on the arctic ice cap, and they spend most of their time on coastal areas. Polar bears are widely spread in Canada, extending from the northern arctic islands south to the Hudson Bay area. They are also found in Greenland, on islands off the shore of Norway, on the northern coast of the former Soviet Union, and on the northern and northwestern coasts of Alaska in the United States. Physical Features The polar bear is one the largest members of the bear family. Males Polar Bears stand from eight to 11 feet tall and generally weigh from 500 to 1,000 pounds, but can weigh as much as 1,400 pounds. Female bears generally stand eight feet tall and weigh 400 to 600 pounds, except some, which can reach 700 pounds. The reason the polar bear weighs so much is that is stores about a four-inch layer of fat to keep it warm. The polar bear has a long, narrower head and nose, and small ears. The polar bear has coat that appears white but, each individual hair is actually a clear and hollow. This helps the polar bear keep warm. The polar bear's coat helps it blend in with its snowy surroundings, this adaptation helps the Polar Bear hide while hunting. The polar bear's front legs are slightly pigeon-toed, and fur covers the bottoms of its paws. These adaptations help the polar bear keep them from slipping on ice. Diet The polar bear rarely eats plants. That is why it is considered a carnivore, or meat-eater. The ringed seal is the polar bear's primary prey. A polar bear hunts a seal by waiting quietly for it to emerge from an opening a seal makes in the ice allowing them to breathe or climb out of the water to rest. Polar bears eat only the seal's skin and blubber of the seal. The remaining meat provides a food source for other animals in the Arctic. Polar bears also prey on young walrus’s. The remains of whale, seal, and walrus are also important sources of food for polar bears. In fact, because of their acute sense of smell, polar bears can sense animal remains from far away. Breeding Breeding usually takes place in April to June. Polar bears reach breeding maturity at three to five years of age.

Psycho Or How a Killer is Born in a Hitchcock Film Essay

Film analysis doesn’t require a philosophy of deep thought, but merely requires the participation of the viewer. In films the audience will witness aspects of their own lives played out; the actions, emotions and scenery draw from the viewer their frame of reference. The art of film can be analyzed through specific scenes and the meaning they have in reality. For instance in the cult film Psycho the viewer is placed in third person point of view mainly focusing on the story of Norman Bates. The audience becomes part of the film because of the intrigue the writer, director and actors bring to the screen. The feeling of loss of meaning is very prevalent in the duration of the film; the antics of love, exploit, desire in the viewer and in the end of the film is well orchestrated by the director Alfred Hitchcock. That is the purpose of filmmaking, to begin a story and have the audience become so engrossed in its unfolding that they lose a sense of themselves in proportion to reality and completely step into the film, the character’s triumphs and misdeeds become the audience member’s own guilt, and as the story progresses, the audience forgets their own selves in order to better become part of the caste of characters in the script. The following paper will analyze Psycho as directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Alfred Hitchcock creates his scene through the use of different camera angles. In his other films as well as Psycho, he makes good use of the camera shooting from an aerial vantage point and he uses elements of the scene to be incorporated in the shot (Arnold paragraph three). This is seen in Dial â€Å"M† for Murder in which the camera does an aerial angle from the ceiling and shoots Wendice and Captain Lesley (or Swann) discussing blackmail and the chandelier is used to be incorporated into the scene and it is used in Psycho in which the camera angle depicts Norman Bates and Marion Crane are having a conversation in Bates’ taxidermy room and the camera shoots through the animals from a downward angle in order to create for the scene a sense of foreshadowing. Thus, the animals are a symbol of the emotions of the woman; they foreshadow her death and eventual ownership through her death to Norman Bates. One element that Hitchcock utilizes in this movie is a symbol; the phone. The phone is not only used as a transference of scenes but also as a revealing factor of the character; the characters reveal their true intentions on the phone, their feelings, their desires, and it is with the phone that the plot progresses forward and things about the other characters are revealed to each other, such as Marion’s boyfriend trying to get a hold of her, and the police detective’s phone. Hitchcock uses other things that are of importance, that are part of the scene in his other movies such as windows in The Birds in which the characters can witness the danger going on outside but also have distance from that danger, whether or not that distance is false. Hitchcock uses the mother in Psycho for this revelation to characters and the audience alike in that Bates dresses up as his mother, uses his mother, and her voice in a mis-in-scene in order to persuade characters in believing a lie instead of the truth; the truth being that he dresses up as his dead mother and kills women whom he could potentially have a relationship with, or whom he likes. It is with these elements that the movie audience can have that voyeuristic sense of discovery of the character’s intentions and plot development that Hitchcock creates and progresses the thriller movie genre. The psychosis of the character Norman Bates in Psycho truly takes on the development of a serial killer. There are sub-categories of serial killers: visionary, mission oriented, hedonistic, power oriented, and among these there are organized and disorganized. For each of these types of killers there are certain character dispositions. The visionary types are compelled by voices or visions and are described as being psychotic. They will not choose a victim because the motives are outside of themselves (voices, visions). The mission oriented type kills people because they believe that the victim is unworthy of life; this type is said not to be psychotic. The victim of this type of killer will fulfill a psychological need (as with Norman Bates character, in which he had to kill young women because his desire for them was overruled by his mother’s overbearing personality even in death, and therefore Norman had to keep his mother alive in order to continue to feed his desire for killing what he could not have, and in order to maintain the consistency his life had when his mother was alive and ruling his life by not allowing him to entertain or go out with girls). The hedonistic type kills simply for the high of killing and there are signs of sexual arousal involved with the killing (which could also be part of Norman Bates’ personality type as he killed as his mother for sexual arousal). A comfort killer is a subtype of hedonistic killer and they will kill victims with whom they have some sort of relationship (also as with Norman Bates whose victims were young women who stayed in his hotel). The power oriented killer kills for control, is not psychotic and is obsessed with holding the power of the victim’s life in his/her hands (in Norman’s case however, the killer, him/his mother, killed in order to keep control over Norman’s actions, thus his psychosis could be persuaded by the issue of control but not control over his victims). Usually each of these killers (excepting the comfort killer) will use a hands-on method of killing using weapons in violent fashion (In Norman’s case it was a knife).   Each of these typologies involves either organized or disorganized killings. An organized killer is usually competent, intelligent, targets strangers as victims, uses restraints, and performs sex on their victims. The organized killer will be very aware of their crime and leave no trace or evidence at the scene of the crime (this is what Norman did at the beginning of the film, as is seen in the shower, and his clean up of the scene and dumping the car in the pool/swamp next to the hotel). On the other hand a disorganized killer will often be socially immature, may kill people they know, are often sexually inhibited, live alone and leave the scene of the crime full of fingerprints. (which also described Norman Bates). It would them seem as if Hitchcock created a serial killer in Norman Bates who epitomized every variable of serial killing psychosis; in point of fact, Hitchcock created the supreme serial killer, mixing in different elements of each sub-category into the one character. Spatial mobility is also an area where serial killers differ (as seen with Hitchcock’s keeping his scenes mainly in the hotel, or the Bates’ family home, which is given its own character by the lighting and the silhouette in certain scenes). Among this category there are geographically stable killers and there are geographically transient serial killers. The geographically stable serial killer live in the same area for an extended amount of time and they will kill in that area and dispose of the body somewhere close to home or within the neighborhood (which is what Bates does with his victim’s cars). A geographically transient serial killer will travel constantly, killing from place to place to confuse law enforcement agencies (here is an element of serial killers which Hitchcock does not give to Norman Bates). For, if a killer kills too many people in one area, the agency may believe the killer is from that specific area, and when the killer moves to the next town the same will happen so that there may not be a blatant pattern. As the number of crimes increase the lapse of time or cooling off periods decrease (as is also presented in Psycho). There is a tendency of degeneration of personality and the crime scenes will show a high increase of violence toward the victim (another reason why female serial killers are not believed to be transient killers – too violent of a personality). This is in correlation with the killer thinking that since they’ve done this type of thing before and haven’t been caught then they are in a realm of invincibility. Serial killer studies have been attentive to whether or not a killer is psychotic or that they kill for a type of self-preservation. In the case of Bates, it seems that a lot of his aggression, and violent temperament came from his abusive mother. Psychosis has grounding in the idea of the nurture or nature of a person. Childhood studies bring up issues such as the stages of when a mother is detrimental to the healthiness and mentality of a child and when a father is more apt to be an active participant for that child. The basis for the study is founded on the idea of a person not suddenly waking up one day and deciding to kill (as has been thought in past studies). There is a fundamental concept of socialization involved with such behaviour. The idea behind the killers motive is almost certainly tied to how they perceive their surrounding environment and how they don’t connect on the appropriate level with that society. A Swedish study done conceives of the matter of killers being narcissistic and unable to comprehend society in something other than egocentric terms. A dysfunctional family is used as a frame of reference, and if that childhood is stressful, dangerous, or filled with lack of love, then a certain consequence will occur, be it introversion or to an extreme, the beginnings of becoming a killer, as is seen in Norman Bates. It is through this specific film that the audience becomes a part of the spectacle of the film; through the characterizations, the plot, the point of view, and camera angles, and the development and pathologies of the serial killer Norman Bates each scene in this film aids in the development of the audience becoming immersed in the progression of the film. Each of the elements listed above is an enhancement to the story, and without the use of Hitchcock’s bird’s eye view, and psychosis of the character Norman Bates as shown through the character’s dramatic scenes and off camera mother’s voice to enhance the scene, and the other film techniques used, this movies would not be memorable because the audience member would not be invested in the outcome. Thus, the audience is immersed in how Bates became a serial killer, how he kills, why he kills, and the psychosis behind his killing. The character, the development of the plot, and the lighting and camera angles each add to the psychology of the film Psycho. This film allows for a supreme suspension of disbelief and it is through this that the true Hollywood thriller is found. Bibliography Psycho. Alfred Hitchcock. Anthony Perkins. Janet Leigh. Vera Miles. Shamley Productions. 1960.

Pharmacy Inventory System Essay

1.1 INTRODUCTION AND ITS BACKGROUND A pastor named Ferdie Sinense together with his wife Marisa Sinense who works as an auditor, established Rapa Generics Pharmacy on September 23, 2011. The main branch of this Pharmacy is located at Las Piňas-Zapote Road in Las Piňas City. Anthony Rudil, a licensed pharmacist and Jennifer Robela the assistant pharmacist are currently managing the business. In addition to that, the business opened its door to three more branches located in Pulang Lupa, Las Piňas and Marikina. The advent of new technology, most company nowadays is using computers in their transactions. Pharmacies in particular, are now making their systems computerized since that helps them minimize the time and efforts consumed by using manual system. Point-of-Sale Inventory System is one of the essential components of a successful business. It is a modern replacement for cash register in retail applications. It can help to record securely all the sales and customer’s orders and track products. A sale refers to the exchange of product or services for an amount of money or its equivalent while inventory, on the other hand, is the total amount of items and the act of counting them. A pharmacy owner must know the precise number of items in their storage areas in order to place orders and control losses up to date. Hence, computerizing both Sales and Inventory System will make an easier and faster transaction among the customers as well as monitoring the stocks of the products. Furthermore, the system also gives the person up-to-the-minute and detailed information on each item in your inventory. He/she will know exactly how much inventory comes in; is on-hand now, and where it goes. In fact, most entrepreneurs these days find that computerizing a system gives them a far wider range of information with less effort. Sales and inventory programs now on the market allows one to track usage, monitor changes in unit costs, calculate items when you need to reorder, and analyze inventory levels on an item-to-item basis. In contrast, using a manual Point of Sale (POS) with Inventory System can affect the whole business process in terms of sales and security of confidential documents since it is not reliable enough. Common problems like slow inventory process, lost records, inventory shortages, and high risk of  errors can affect the whole business as a whole. Point of Sale with Inventory System makes a particular business much more efficient, lowering the costs of running the business while improving customer service and making the business more pleasant to work with. It also helps the management to control the inventories, lower overall operating costs in the areas of labor, facilities and logistics as well as improve customer service metrics and fulfillment rates. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.3.1 General Objective The purpose of this study is to create and design a Point of Sale and Inventory System which will make every transaction easier, fast, secured, efficient and reliable by increasing information reporting accuracy transaction monitoring of Rapa Generics Pharmacy. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives * To concentrate automated inventory and sales reports. * To provide a better security for pharmacy inventory management system for pharmacy inventory management system. * To save manpower and at the same time increase the daily activities. * To build an inventory system that includes transaction process, so it will enable to calculate the stock balance. * Helps to make sure that product purchased from a supplier is correctly dispensed to the customer. 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aims to develop a Point of Sale (POS) Inventory System which will address the following problems of Rapa Generics Pharmacy: * How might a computerized system differ from a manual system for processing a transaction? * How a computerized system can reduce human effort and errors in processing transaction? * How can be the inventory records arranged in proper order? * How accurate the information of a product if it is available? * What is the assurance for the security of a record? 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study will help the Rapa Generics Pharmacy for keeping track of the sales and the inventory. Specifically, this study aims to give benefit to the following: Owner. Using computerized point of sales and inventory system is efficient to use so the benefits of it is the owner can search the  products availability faster and also they can check the sales and inventory records easily. Customer. They can save time when they buy large quantity of products especially they don’t need to fall in line. Stock Clerk. They are updated the availability of a products. They can easily change the prices of a product. 1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION This study focuses on making a computerized point of sale and inventory system to alter the manual/traditional way so that transactions in the field will become more reliable and to resolve some problems that were encountered using the old / manual system. This study will be conducted in Zapote Road, Las Pià ±as City particularly in the field of Rapa Generics Pharmacy. It will cover its employees as well as some members of the said Pharmacy. It will involve fieldwork, several interviews with the owner, some employees, and customers as well as observing their activities which may contribute to their existing problem. This system is limited only for recording data and calculations in the pharmacy. It can’t be use or any other records like information system and payroll computing. The system will also not accept a credit card as payment and our proposed system is not online or web base transactions. 1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS Ancillary Business. This term describes any business enterprise created by a law firm or lawyer that offers law-related services to their clients and to those new clients who are not customers of the lawyer or law firm being provided. It is also referred to as â€Å"dual practice† business. Centerpiece. This term is something in a central position and most important feature. Generics. This term described any products as a food, drug or cosmetics that can be sold without a brand name. Interactive Voice Response(IVR). This term allows customers to interact with a company’s host system via telephone keypad or by speech recognition and it also a technology that allows a computer to interact with humans through the use of voice. Missouri’s Ozark Country(MTM).This term is a country located in South Central Missouri in the United States. The county was eventually renamed to Ozark County after the Ozark Mountains and was officially organized on January 29,1841. Medication Therapy Management(MTM). This term is a service or group of services that optimizes drug therapy with the intent of improved therapeutic  outcomes for individual patients .Formulating a medication treatment plan, monitoring efficacy and safety of medication therapy, enhancing medication adherence through patient empowerment and education, and documenting and communicating MTM services to prescribers in order to maintain comprehensive patient care. Niche. This term is the habitat supplying the factors necessary for the existence of an organism or species the ecological role of an organism in a community especially in regard to food consumption; a specialized market. Patent. This term is a legal document affording full protection for any new or useful device. Design or other invention: open to public knowledge. Pharmaceutical. This term is related to pharmacy or pharmacists; â€Å"the pharmaceutical industry† And also related to drugs used in medical treatment; drug or medicine that is prepared or dispensed in pharmacies and used in medical treatment. Pharmacist Clerk. This term describes to the one employed to keep records or accounts or to perform general works. Point of Sales. This term is a modern replacement for the cash register in retail applications. It can help to record securely all the sales and customer’s orders and track products. A sale refers to the exchange of product or services for an amount of money or its equivalent. Practitioners. This term is a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation and also a person who practices something specified. Probiotics. This term is a live microorganisms that may confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotics are also delivered in fecal transplants, in which stool from a healthy donor is delivered like a suppository to an infected patient. Rox Express Delivery. This term is a UK delivery. Orders under  £50 are shipped via Royal Mail Signed For with a shipping time of 3-5 working days after dispatch. Stock. This term describes as a supply of something; a store of goods in a shop, warehouse. Synergy. This term describes as the interaction of multiple elements in a system to produce an effect different from or greater than the sum of their individual effects; it also means working together. United States Route 66. This term also known as the Will Rogers Highway and colloquially known as the Main Street of America or the Mother Road, was a highway within the United States Highway System. One of the original United States Highways, Route 66 was established on November 11, 1926—with road signs e rected the following year. Widespread. This term describes as a spread over a wide area or extending  over a wide area. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 2.1 RELATED LITERATURE 2.2.1 Local Literature Rose Pharmacy is one of the Philippines’ top pharmaceutical retailers with over 183 branches it was established in 1952 in Cebu City with the customer being the centrepiece of its corporate plans, Rose Pharmacy has streamlined its branch operation by installing advanced point of sales system in all branches thereby providing not only fast and efficient computerized service but also accurate accounting and inventory monitoring. Rose Pharmacy’s also enhance customer service thru on-line product inquiry and ordering and other on-line services. 2.2.2 Foreign Literature Beginning in the late 1970s, a number of vendors began developing software systems to manage paper-based documents. These systems dealt with paper documents, which included not only printed and published documents, but also photographs, prints, etc. Later developers began to write a second type of system which could manage electronic documents, all those documents, or files, created on computers, and often stored in users’ local file-systems. The earliest electronic document management (EDM) systems managed either proprietary file types, or a limited number of file formats. Many of these systems later became known as document imaging systems, because they focused on the capture, storage, indexing and retrieval of image file formats. EDM systems evolved to a point where systems could manage any type of file format that could be stored on the network. The applications grew to encompass electronic documents, collaboration tools, security, workflow, and auditing capabilities. These systems enabled an organization to capture faxes and forms, to save copies of the documents as images, and to store the image files in the repository for security and quick retrieval (retrieval made possible because the system handled the extraction of the text from the document in the process of capture, and the text-indexer function provided text-retrieval capabilities). While many EDM systems store documents in their native file format (Microsoft Word or Excel, PDF), some web-based document management systems are beginning to store content in the  form of html. These policy management systems require content to be imported into the system. However, once content is imported, the software acts like a search engine so users can find what they are looking for faster. The HTML format allows for better application of search capabilities such as full-text searching and stemming. 2.2 RELATED STUDY 2.3.3 Local Study PHARMACY INVENTORY TRACKING SYSTEM Healthcare industries today are looking for opportunities to improve their daily operations efficiencies by reducing costs without effecting patient care. In addition, for these industries to function better they require accurate medical supply and equipment orders, tailored to the patient’s needs, and delivered on-time. Inventory is a subject in business that is hope can maximize profit. However, in many cases inventory has turned into a major cash flow constraint that cause necessary to optimize inventory using analytical and statistical methods in manual approach that is using papers. This will lead to paper wastage. In healthcare industries, inventory management system can handle their inventory especially in pharmacy department. This includes all the activities that run in a pharmacy such as transaction, order items, items movement tracking, and generate reports. 2.3.4 Foreign Study ANALYSIS OF INVENTORY OF DRUG AND PHARMACY The health care in modern days has become more complex sophisticated and more expensive in terms of cost of drugs, surgical equipment and hospital stay. With rise in per capital income of general population and also with rise in the level of general information and education of people, the demand for more sophisticated medical care has come up. However, the rise in hospital costs has been substantially more than the rise in general consumer price. â€Å"Since 1950, the cost of one day’s stay in a hospital has increased more than 1,000 percent compared with 135 percent climb in the consumer price index†. Economics of materials control is a matter of self presentation in today’s competitive environment. Materials control is a matter of rupee control; it is axiomatic that stringent controls must be placed on higher value items. The management of inventory pares the avenues for optimizing  the costs of Medicare services besides making available materials to the patients which increase the quality of health care services. Out of materials, drugs consume a major portion of hospital budget. The basic social issue confronting medical practice today is how to improve the organization of utilization of the fruits of medical knowledge, the technological advancement and managerial innovation in Health Care Institutions on most economical terms. The rising hospital cost and methods to contain this have attracted the attention of one and all be it the professionals, the public and private sector management and even the trade union activist. The hospital management has to ensure the availability of various drugs round the clock as these are essential and vital for patient care. The Pharmacy Departments are most often charged with responsibility for managing drug and delivery system costs. Systems should develop to utilize drug and delivery resources in a cost effective fashion. The pharmacy management team should focus on developing effective strategies to maximize leverage of drugs and human resource cost. Since there is widespread concern about the cost of health care, a variety of cost containment initiatives have been pursued. The main health concern now-a-days is allocation of resources on a rationale basis. Management must therefore lay stress on the cost analysis and formulate guidelines for the definitions of cost and established standards through cost analysis. Cost analysis is a research tool for the financial management in a hospital. The objective of the study was to analyze the drugs stored in Drug and Pharmacy of Sher-i-Kashmir institute of Medical sciences according to their cost and criticality. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 REASEARCH DESIGN The research method used in this study is the interview method. This method helped the proponents know what would be the appropriate system be used in making research work easier. This also helped in describing the existing manual system and explaining how the system works. The survey and observation method was used in determining what is the confusing question or situation that is difficult by the users. 3.2 RESEARCH LOCALE The study was conducted in Rapa Generics Pharmacy Zapote Road, Las Piňas City to gather data and information. The proponents decided to improve the manual checking of the product, the manual receipt, and the sales that happen in a day, and monthly sales by creating or by developing a new highly computerized Point of Sales and Inventory System that eventually helps the company in the future. 3.3 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE The proposed system was made by gathering information from the internet, pharmacist, respondents and thesis book made from the previous students to give the proponents an idea. First, the proponents interviewed the Pharmacist at the drugstore who used the manual process of checking products, giving manual receipt and the proponents observed that pharmacist/employee exceed time to check their products, the remaining and expiration date of the products and eventually take risk of using the manual system. Second, the proponents gave a survey questionnaire answerable by Yes or NO to the customer to gather some information if they encounter or not a problems by using manual system of Rapa Generics Pharmacy. After the survey, the proponents analyzed the answer of the respondents based on the questionnaire provided. The proponents tallied the result of the survey conducted at the Rapa Generics Pharmacy Zapote Road Las Pinas City. Then last, the proponents searched in the internet and different thesis made by the previous students to get more idea for the system. 3.4 DATA PROCESSING DESIGN The proponents gathered data and information through the internet, after the proponents made the propose system, keep the aforementioned helped or checking the in or out of the products and issuance of the receipt. 3.5 INSTRUMENTATION The proponents used survey questionnaire answerable by Yes or No or quantitative method of research as an instrument to gather more information. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the customers. The questionnaire was structured in such a way that the respondents will be able to answer it easily. In this type of questionnaire, the respondents will  give five questions. Make some questions to be answered by the pharmacist and the owner regarding the advantages of manual system and our proposed system because this is the convenient and the easiest way for the proponents, for the customer and for the Pharmacist so they will not disturb for what they doing. 3.6 PROCEDURE At first the proponents find a company who are using manual system. The proponents explained and discussed to the staff about the intention of the researcher to their company. Then, the researcher asked permission to the one of the employee if it is ok to them if the proponents make a computerized Point of Sale and Inventory System for their company with a promised that all the information gathered is confidential. It’s only for the researcher’s thesis. After the proponents got the permission from the owner of Rapa Generics Pharmacy. The proponents conduct a title defence if it would pass to the proponents’ professor. After the title defence the proponents started to study the flow of the manual system by interviewing the Pharmacist at the drugstore who use the manual process of checking products, giving manual receipt and the proponents observed that pharmacist/employee exceed time to check their products, the remaining and expiration date of the products and ev entually take risk of using the manual system. Second, the proponents gave a survey questionnaire answerable by Yes or NO to the customer to gather some information if they encounter or not a problems by using manual system of Rapa Generics Pharmacy. After the survey, the proponents analyzed the answer of the respondents based on the questionnaire provided. The proponents tallied the result of the survey conducted at the Rapa Generics Pharmacy Zapote Road Las Pinas City. Then last, the proponents searched in the internet and different thesis made by the previous students to get more idea for the system. After that the researcher started to make the computerize Point of Sale Inventory System and its documentation. 3.7 POPULATION AND SAMPLE The Pharmacist said that she estimate their customers every weekends like Friday, Saturday and Sunday are 100 to 150 customers in Rapa Generics Pharmacy. Out of the said estimated customers, the proponents got 50 respondents of Rapa Generics Pharmacy to gather information. 50 respondents  answered the survey questionnaires made from the researchers. The proponents used the Incidental Sampling in choosing those costumers of Rapa Generics Pharmacy who are most available to be asked. The total respondents are 50 out of many customers who encounter a problem by using a manual system of the said Pharmacy. 3.8 STATISTICAL TOOLS For gathering information from Rapa Generics Pharmacy, the proponents used an Incidental Sampling. This is a sample which is taken because they are the most available. The researcher simply takes the nearest individuals as subject of the study. The proponents used Incidental Sampling because this is the most convenient and not hassle especially to the customers. The following questions are answerable by YES or NO. 1. Do you prefer to use generic type of medicine? Figure 1.1 Shows the distribution of respondents in terms of using generic type of medicine in and out of 50 respondents 39 people or 78% of the respondents answered YES and 11 people or 22% of the respondents answered NO. Based on some research, the generic medicine is a copy of the original branded product. Once the patient for the original product has run out, the pharmaceutical company who developed the medicine no longer has the exclusive right to produce and distribute the medicine. Other pharmaceutical companies are able to create their own version of the medicine. The type and quantity of the active ingredient in the generic product is the same as the branded version, but the inactive ingredients are slightly different. The generic medicine is sold under a different brand name and it may look different (e.g. in color or shape) to the original. Without properly understanding the similarities and differences between generic and branded medicines, it is easy to become confused and anxious about taking a new medicine. This is particularly the case when someone is used to taking a certain medicine and is introduced to a new medicine that has a different name and appearance but is ‘the same’ that’s why some people preferred to use this type of medicine. (Source: Virtual medical center) 2. Do you prefer to use Branded type of medicine? Figure 1.2 Shows the distribution of respondents in terms of using Branded  type of medicine and out of 50 respondents 13 people or 49% of the respondents answered YES and 37 people or 51% of the respondents answered NO. According to ( The Perceive Benefits of Generic Versus Branded Medicines ; University of Pretoria) Branded medicines are originator products or medicines that have been discovered by a company and are patented to maximize any economic gain that may result from being the sole company producing a new drug treatment for a particular illness or disease condition. This is the avenue for the company to recoup their expenditure in the area of Research and Development (R&D) of the drug. For a period of time after the patent is granted, no one else can produce a drug that is the same as the patented drug; the medicine belongs exclusively to the original company. For this reason, branded medicines are the most well known and most trusted type of that particular medicine. (Google: Virtual Medical Center) as we can observe branded medicine is Pharmaceutical companies making branded medicines spend a lot of money building their brands, that is, that of the corporate image and those of their individual lines of products. 3. Did you experience to wait a long time when you buy a large quantity of medicine? Figure 1.3 Shows the distribution of respondents in terms of experiencing a long time when buying a large quantity of medicine and out of 50 respondents 35 people or 70% of the respondents answered YES and 15 people or 30% of the respondents answered NO. Previous research shows that the objective and subjective waiting time have negative effects on affective and cognitive waiting time evaluation. Taylor (1994) says that service delay will significantly influence the feeling of anger. Moreover, Pruyn and Smidts (1998) find out that the perceived waiting time will affect the cognitive aspect of the waiting time evaluation. Consequently, perceived waiting time will influence on customers’ waiting time satisfaction. There are other reasons that will determine waiting time satisfaction. In psychological theory, during the waiting period, consumers face uncertainty about how long they have to wait, and experience stress (Bielen & Demoulin, 2007). Some researchers suggest that any information provided during the waiting period can reduce the uncertainty of the wait and lower the level of stress experienced by consumers (Bielen & Demoulin, 2007; Maister, 1985). Moreover, the uncertainty waiting time will influence customers’ emotional responses, and then the customers’ emotional responses will affect their  service evaluation to this restaurant (Bielen & Demoulin, 2007). For example, in some restaurants, when customers arrive, at the beginning, the host will ask them to wait around 30 minutes, but this 30 minutes just for waiting to get the beeper. After customers get the beeper, the host will tell them to wait another period of uncertainty time, in order to get seats. This situation will make customers feel this waiting period never ends and cause their anxious feeling. 4. Did you experience a long line when you buy a medicine? Figure 1.4 Shows the distribution of respondents in terms of experiencing a long line when buying a medicine and out of 50 respondents 36 people or 71% of the respondents answered YES and 14 people or 29% of the respondents answered NO. The study investigates consumption time when waiting in line; especially the negative aspects associated with consumption time. To describe what is viewed as negative, wasted or unproductive consumption time spent in waiting lines, the term â€Å"regret time† is used. This allows the exploration to determine if an individual who does have â€Å"regret time† would alter his/her behavior (in the shopping situation) to reduce â€Å"regret time† and, if so, how this individual would alter his/her behavior. Thus, the hypothesis tested is: For individuals exhibiting different regret levels (ranging from high to low): A. Individuals with high regret levels will spend less time in grocery store waiting lines and thus alter their shopping behavior* by buying fewer groceries and spending less time shopping in the grocery store. B. Individuals with low regret levels will spend more time in grocery store waiting and thus not alter their shopping behavior. *Altering shopping behavior might also include: switching grocery stores in the future, leaving the grocery store and returning at another time. (Advances in Consumer Research Volume 11, 1984 Pages 41-45 5. Did you experience an incorrect amount of change when you buy a medicine? Figure 1.5 Shows the distribution of respondents in terms of experiencing an incorrect amount of change when buying a medicine out of 50 respondents 31 people or 69% of the respondents answered YES and 19 people or 31% of the respondents answered NO. This may be the cost of using manual system of giving a receipt for the customers and there are several factors that can be attributed to this problem First is lack of knowledge of the employee in  terms of giving the right amount of change Second is because of the influx of customers. In many cases inventory has turned into a major cash flow constraint that cause necessary to optimize inventory using analytical and statistical methods in manual approach that is using papers. This includes all the activities that run in a pharmacy such as transaction, order items, items movement tracking, and generate reports. (Local literature: PHARMACY INVENTORY TRACKING SYSTEM) CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM 4. ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM 4.1.1 Flow of the Existing System In their manual existing system, the pharmacist writes down the products on the receipt in their transaction. The existing system uses manual process for searching the availability of the products for their inventory they are also using manual system. The pharmacist manually counts the products to know how many stocks are still available that’s why she exceeds too much time for checking and searching their products. And also it takes another time consuming by updating their inventory because the user also needs to record their sales when the day ends, to make every transactions’ recorded so that the owner can review their daily sales if their business is still going right and by doing all this needs much time to finish, effort in writing and focused on what she is doing. 4.1.2 Examination of the Process Users who use manual system had a hard time in making transactions to customer, to check the products and its availability. The proponents observe that using manual system is not appropriate in the pharmacy. As the researcher observed they need many things to do and it consumes time by only doing those things like searching products in their manual list. They need to scan all their files to find what the customers need, and because of that it can cause to have a long line or the other customer waiting for their turn to buy a medicine. Waiting at such time some buyers didn’t have a long patience some will go and find another Pharmacy which they can buy faster at less time. 4.1.3 Comprehensive List of the Problem There are some existing systems just like the hand written system which are  not readable and, hence, cannot be understood checking the product. It is definitely hard to retrieve records through manual; in reference to this, the Pharmacy is contemplating how they could provide the best way of meeting customers need, wants and demand conducive to them and to the Pharmacy, respectively. 4.1.4 Data Flow Diagram of the Existing System Process Manual Product Searching Manual Receipt Pharmacist Customer When the customer buy a medicine they can ask to the Pharmacist and the pharmacist will search the product manually and give it to the customer . After the transaction the customer will pay and the pharmacist will provide a manual receipt. Supplier 4.1.5 Process Diagram of the Existing System Customer Selling Products Receive Order Stocks Available No Yes Payment 4.2 PRESENTATION OF THE PROPOSE SYSTEM 4.2.1 Overview of the Proposed System After two months of hardship to complete this thesis, The proponents able to make a system which is Point of Sale and Inventory System for Rapa Generics Pharmacy to improve and help the employees and owner to easily check the availability of the products faster than their manual existing system. The proponents provide a system to help them make their work easier by making transactions and searching products. It is much faster and efficient than what they did before. Point of Sale and Inventory System is a computerized  system also like their manual but this is much more user friendly to use and it is also secured because of having an account which only the admin can operate first before the employee, the employees can also make an account by the help of the admin so that they can also operate the system anytime. Through this system once you type what you need to search it automatically shows the product what you need and once you make transactions the sales automatically updates the inventory, it counts the sales of products in the pharmacy every day, update the number of products or shocks they still have. The pharmacist can also add new products and delete some items and it can also record the delivery of products daily. 4.2.2 Flow of the proposed system The flow of the proposed system revolves around two people, first is the pharmacist and the second is the administrator. Pharmacist must enter his/her password in the login form and when she/he entered a correct password then the program will automatically open but in a limited access, he/she can access only the form used in selling of products and also the printing of the receipt. Administrator, when the administrator is signed in, she/he can use all forms used in various transactions like suppliers from, product form to input new product, returned form to manage the product return, sale form, product display to form to search for an existing products, and the print form to monitor and create reports on list of products, product expiration, product warranty, sales, and returned products. 4.2.3 Benefits of the Proposed System This proposed system will benefit the user which is the costumer, employee and the owner of the said Pharmacy. Through this system the user’s will not spend more time to check and update the availability of their products and also can help them to give the receipt for the costumer on time. This system can help them to do their task fast and easily. 4.2.4 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM 4.2.4.1 Data Flow Diagram for Pharmacist Product Search Enter Password Log-In Pharmacist Begin Transaction Payment Customer Print Receipt 4.2.4.2 Data Flow Diagram for Administrator Admin Log-out Check the Stocks Check the Sales Log-In 4.2.5 PROCESS DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM Customer ask the Pharmacist about the Products he/she wanted to buy Begin the Transaction Enter Password 4.2.5.1 Process Diagram for Pharmacist Log-in Pharmacist After searching, the pharmacists tell the customer if the products that he wanted to buy are available or not The Customer tell how many product he/she needed Pharmacist search the products The pharmacist, compute the total cost and get the payment of the customer and give the change if there is a change Print the Receipt 4.2.5.2 Process Diagram for Administrator Log-out Check the Sales Enter Password Log-in Admin View all the details that the admin wanted to know 4.3 DESIGN PLAN OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM Feasibility Analysis In this generation people knew that it is a very high technology because of many gadgets existing, like android cell phones and very updated operating system so that the proponents thinks that creating an Point of Sale and Inventory System is possible by the help of computer application like the proponents use which is the visual basic enterprise 6.0, starting with brain storming on how this system flows so that the proponents knows where to start to make the system. 4.4.1 Operational Feasibility The proposed system can be easily employed by the user since it is user-friendly and can be managed in a convenient way. The system is fully automated and everything can be attained by just clicking a certain button. Thus, users need not to worry anymore for the reason that the proposed Point of Sales and Inventory System is operationally feasible. 4.4.2 Technical Feasibility The proponents applied new technology through using computerized system. The proposed system is compatible in windows XP and windows 7 and the software requirements in visual basic. The recommended hardware requirements are processor that must be Intel Pentium IV 1.5 GHz and the Random Access Memory should be 512 MB or higher and the hard disk drive should at least 100 MB if free space or higher and the operating system is Windows XP or any higher version. The proposed system will really help the Rapa Generics Pharmacy because of its efficiency in using and processing transactions by applying the technical requirements mentioned earlier. 4.3.3 Economic Feasibility The researchers are certain that the proposed system is economically feasible because it can be afford at a price ranging from 10,000-15,000php. The technical requirements can be available in the nearest establishment selling computer parts and accessories that is why it is very accessible. The proposed system contains all in one package of a Point of Sales and  Inventory System, hence users do not need to buy anything that will just add to the expenditures of the organization. 4.3.4 Schedule Feasibility The proponents created and designed the proposed system within 3 months. The proponents constructed a computerized system and it took a lot of time for the team to accomplished it, never 4.4 System Development Life Cycle 4.4.1 System Planning In system planning, first, the proponents provide different titles and conducted a title defense. The proponents got curious on the computerized Point of Sale and Inventory System. Second, the proponents interview the employee of the Pharmacy and study the flow in their existing manual system. It easy to plan on how to make a computerized system that will help to the staff for transacting to the customer. It will help also to easily find the availability of the products. The proponents planned to make a computerized Point of Sales and Inventory System at Rapa Generics Pharmacy because they are still using manual system. 4.3.5 System Analysis In system analysis the proponents conducted an interview in the Rapa Generics Pharmacy with the branch Pharmacist to gather information regarding the existing system. The proponents conducted a survey to the customer to get their opinion about the existing manual system. If they encounter any problem for using a manual system of the Rapa Generics Pharmacy. 4.3.6 System Design The proposed system is designed to handle the transaction in selling medicines in Rapa Generics Pharmacy. this system was created in many purposes and the first is for security purpose, this proposed system includes a login form to ensure that only authorized personnel are allowed to use the system just to make sure that the data is secured and aside from that the transaction in selling medicines are become more faster because this system the proponent included the database of all available medicines in the pharmacy so that the pharmacist do not consume time in searching the appropriate medicine needed by the customer or the availability of the product. 4.3.7 System Implementation The proponents gave a request letter to Rapa Generics Pharmacy to ask their permission to use their company for the proponent’s research locale. The researchers conducted an interview to the owner and his pharmacist to gather some information needed to start the proposed computerized system and after that the researcher’s created a survey questionnaire that serve as a tool to gather information coming from the costumers of the Pharmacy. The one hundred survey questionnaire gave to the costumer of Rapa Generics Pharmacy. The proponent’s analysis and tabulated the data gathered in survey and displayed it in a graphical form using a graph. Once again conduct an interview to the owner and pharmacist to know those problems encountered using a manual system, base from the problem, the proponents produced a solution and applied it to the proposed computerized system. 4.3.8 System Support In system support, it will explain on how the program will flow and will be used. The proponents provide a system which is user friendly for the staff and also to the customer. CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Summary Having a Computerized Point of Sales and Inventory System has the productive activity or application featured required to run a Pharmacy. Computerized Receipt and Inventory System alter the manual/traditional way of transactions between receipt, return products, and inventory that has a facility to generate report to analyze the daily and monthly sales. And the field will become more reliable to resolve some problems that were encountered using the old manual system. Computerized Point of Sale and Inventory System is the perfect way for managing a business with less time that can increase the total income produce by the sources. This study aims to change the current manual system that would be accurate and much easier to both customers and staff to use. The proponents use diagrams to implement the flow of the proposed system. 5.2 Conclusion The proponents therefore conclude that creating and designing a Point of Sale and Inventory System can help to improve every transaction easier, fast,  secured, efficient and reliable by increasing information reporting accuracy transaction monitoring of Rapa Generics Pharmacy. This system also concludes that having a concentrated automated inventory and sales report can provide a better security for their management. To save manpower at the same time can increase daily activities includes transaction process, so it will enable to calculate the stock balance. Helps to make sure that product purchased from a supplier is correctly dispensed to the customer 5.3 Recommendation After studying and analyzing the flow of the existing system of Rapa Generics Pharmacy, the proponents would like to recommend the following: The system proves to have a fast and accurate monitoring of the availability of the products, efficient and reliable for the process of transaction. The system could also save time, and make every transaction fast and make the work easier.